پاورپوینت مقدمات روش تحقیق (pptx) 41 اسلاید

دسته بندی : پاورپوینت

نوع فایل : PowerPoint (.pptx) ( قابل ویرایش و آماده پرینت )

تعداد اسلاید: 41 اسلاید

قسمتی از متن PowerPoint (.pptx) :

مقدمات روش تحقیق 3 Classification of Study Designs Observational studies Experimental studies 4 Observational studies Descriptive or case-series B. Cross-sectional studies (prevalence) Disease description Diagnosis and staging Disease processes, mechanisms C. Case-control studies (retrospective) Causes and incidence of disease Identification of risk factors D. Cohort studies (prospective) Causes and incidence of disease Natural history, prognosis Identification of risk factors E. Historical cohort studies 5 Experimental studies A. Controlled trials Parallel or concurrent controls a. Randomized b. Not randomized 2. Sequential controls a. Self-controlled b. Crossover 3. External controls (including historical) B. Studies with no controls Clinical trial 7 The Principles of Design of Clinical Trials are Easily Stated Define a homogeneous population of patients Enroll every eligible patient Assign study treatment regimens to enrolled patients Complete the treatment of every patient according to protocol Retain every patient in follow-up and complete every scheduled follow-up visit and examination Include every enrolled patient in the analysis Use planned analyses to draw conclusions about study hypotheses 8 Elements of the Study Protocol Background and Rationale Schema Study Objectives and Endpoints The Study Population Recruitment Baseline Assessment Randomization Treatment Regimens Follow-up Procedures and Schedule Data Collection and Quality Control Statistical Considerations Ethical Issues 9 ضرورت بررسي‌هاي باليني كنترل شده تفاوت در مشي باليني بيماري‌ها متفاوت بودن پاسخ بيماران به روش درماني خاص دوره‌هاي متناوب بهبودي و شدت بيماري تفاوت‌هاي مختصر در روش‌هاي درماني جديد Placebo effect تورش (Bias) Hawthorn effect